The universe, is mostly up and down quarks. Each one of the stars above and, in fact, almost everything else around you, yourself included, is just made up of those two quarks. Quarks have a bit of a weird charge. 2/3 for the up quark and -1/3 for the down one. You can remember that "up" means positive and "down" means negative, and also that "up" means more of charge than the "down". So if you take two up...

All stars are just spheres of hydrogen buring into helium under the pressure of gravity. 4 separate protons trying to merge and change into a nucleus of 2 protons and 2 neutrons. Imagine a gas cloud the mass of Saturn collapsing to form a planet. That planet as well as the biggest star is mostly the same stuff - hydrogen. You can keep adding hydrogen, doubling its mass and it will contract and heat up under the increasing gravity, but it will not be hot enough to fuse hydrogen into helium untill its about 80 times the mass of Jupiter. Before that happens, an object the mass of between 14 to 80 Jupiter masses, we call that a failed star, as it never ignites and is only visible from the faint glow if its matter...

When I say Earth 2.0, I mean an exoplanet that has a chance of having Earth-like life. That means similar orbits, similar atmospheres, similar planetary composition, similar amounts of time to develop, similar parent stars, and even similar neighboring planets, though I won’t get into that too much in this article. In this article and the upcoming series let’s investigate the existing stars and exoplanets and see if any of them fit the criteria laid out to make sure that it is a viable planet for Earth-type life.

Quantum supremacy is already long in the past, now we not only enter but also solidify our footing in the utility era. Soon, exponentially improving quantum utility will convert into a full-blown quantum revolution, revolutionizing computing speed, machine learning, and quantum simulations. This will in turn revolutionize medicine, materials science, AI (another revolution), and many other fields. This is not a futuristic science fiction novel idea, this is coming soon, as soon as 10 years to 30 at most. If you have a quantum hobby, now is the time to start consolidating your expertise in this field. Begin to lay the groundwork for that fledgling that will have the ability to hook onto future opportunities.